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In Search for the "Eastern" Scythians
#1
Shlama all,

I request information that would shed light into research concerning the tribes of Israel in Central Asia. In 2002 the Russian-German excavation team in Tuva (capital: Kyzyl, north of the western part of Mongolia) brought to light many golden items that have been clearly identified to be of Scythian origin. Here is some basic information on that excavation: <!-- m --><a class="postlink" href="http://www.fotuva.org/history/archaeology.html">http://www.fotuva.org/history/archaeology.html</a><!-- m -->

In order to galvanize materials or put a layer of gold onto other materials, an electric current is necessary. The Parthians had developed this method about 2000 years ago and the Scythians also knew this technology. This link helps to understand the findings: <!-- m --><a class="postlink" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/parthian_battery.php">http://www.iranchamber.com/history/arti ... attery.php</a><!-- m -->

The question is how did this technology find its way to such remote places as western Mongolia and Tuva? Why did the human remains in some graves of that period have had clearly Caucasian features like blonde hair and bearded men? They don't look Asian at all. Today, the Mongolians have a very wide gene pool - probably also due to all their conquest related past.

The best answer is, that these people came from the area east of the Caspian Sea from where the Scythians came, and they brought along the technology and skills to make beautiful golden ornaments, very similar to those found in Eastern and Central Europe, dated from the first centuries.

Today, many Christians of Mongolian, Tuvinian and related group's origin ask themselves how their relationship with Israel may be. They know not much about their origin as the culture of the Steppes has been mostly recorded and kept by other people groups surrounding them - like the Chinese, Persians, Jews, Arabs and others. Nomad or semi-nomad people usually have a very rich oral tradition that is passed on from generation to generation in form of tales, secret histories and rich folklore songs. Moving people have usually not the habit carrying libraries around...

Yet, there was the time of the Nestorians who brought Christianity to China, the Uighurs and later also to the tribes of Mongolian people. The Keraite Mongols of mixed Turkic and Mongolian origin adopted to the Christian faith when the Nestorians brought it to them around the 11th century. So did the Naiman and the Merkit Mongolian tribes. Yet, only 200 years later there was no more evidence that their faith had survived. Exposure to the Christian faith had come to halt and only in the early 1800-s, missionaries came and translated the Bible. All the older scripts, probably in Syriac, were lost in the sands of the Gobi or somewhere in the vast grasslands.

Only Nestorian crosses, found in the Gobi Desert are still witnesses from the period of the 11th & 12th centuries, when the faith in Yeshua blossomed before and during the Great Mongolian Empire. Even the mother of Kublai Khan, the ruler of their empire when it stretched from Korea and all China in the East, to Poland in the west all over Russia, India, parts of what is today Indonesia, and Iran, Iraq... the mother of this mighty ruler was of Nestorian Christian faith.

While there has been a lot of reasearch on the scattered tribes of the Northern kingdom of Israel on almost all their pathes to the west and north, hardly any research has shed light onto those who went east through the steppes of Central Asia.

Having seen the revival of the Mongolian church in northern China, Mongolia proper and Buryatia, yet even with the Tuvinians since 1984, one develops a heart with these people and understands their questions about their origin. In the short period from about the late 1980-ies, their Christian communities grew very fast. In these days they were exposed not only to sound doctrine, but to all the "don'ts" of heresies and lies, mistranslations, cults, etc. at high speed. During the past half century or more, their people groups had been exposed mainly to atheism and persecution of almost any religious ideas. Once the gates opened a bit, a big stream of new beliefs came upon them and thanks to the Ruach haKodesh, most survived. Yet, they have to come to terms with teachings as dispensationalism and such. Also, they have little teaching and insight into the prophetic issues that confront the whole world today in ever increasing fulfillments. Science, if honest, helps, especially if it is based on facts and is interpreted according to Scripture.

Concluding, I ask for help to shed light on the history of these Mongolian people groups and those they mingled with in terms of intelligible research results that will help the Mongolian and related groups to find evidence about their true heritage. I firmly believe that the Church of the East has valuable information on this topic, that is truthful and helpful like their bigger contribution to faith, the Peshitta. Thanks for your comments.

To have a look at the vertical Mongolian Bible (protions), go to: <!-- w --><a class="postlink" href="http://www.mongolbible.com">www.mongolbible.com</a><!-- w -->
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#2
Shlama Parthia,

What a great work in the beautiful Mongolian~Aramaic script!

The history of eastern Asia has always fascinated me, and I know when we did have a presence in Mongolia there were natives of the Persian and Mesopotamian churches who were sent to administer the affairs of the Edtha~Church. I'm sure you know the story of the decline resulting from the devastation of Tamerlane.

I don't have much info for you as to the origins of the various Mongol and Turkic tribes, other than what you already alluded to: like most people today, they probably do have a very mixed gene pool. I would be very doubtful of much Semitic inter mixture (i.e., Assyrian Israelite or Arab) simply because of the strong Mongoloid features that present themselves in todays Mongolian population. I would imagine Linguistics would be a key factor as well. However, an Anthropologist I'm not, so I'm not really qualified to answer those questions.

BTW - Have you seen the Dunhuang Project?

http://idp.bl.uk/

Another fascinating dig where Aramaic has shown up (and also Sogdian, Uighur, etc.)

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/englis...43468.html

Quote:Syrian Language "Holy Bible" Discovered in Dunhuang Grottoes
Chinese archaeologists have discovered excerpts from the Christian Bible written in an ancient Syrian language in the northern zone of the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, northwest China's Gansu Province.

The excerpts from the New Testament were hand-copied onto a piece of white linen paper 30.8 cm long and 19.8 cm wide.

Experts from Beijing University said that the discovery is of great significance in studying the development of Christianity in the central Asia and the Dunhuang area in ancient times.

A number of other documents written in ancient Basba and Uyghur languages were also found. All of the documents, including the Syriac Bible, date back to the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368).

Chinese archaeologists found 248 grottoes in the northern zone, containing wooden movable type of the Uyghur, ancient documents, porcelain products, ox horn products, Persian silver coins and iron coins of the Western Xia (1038-1227).

Based on the discovery of movable-type of the Uyghur, Duan Jinzhang, a researcher from the Dunhuang Research Academy, said that the Mogao Grottoes might have had printing equipment used to print a lot of sutras and documents.

The Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang, carved out of rocks, stretch for 1,600 meters along the eastern side of Mingsha Hill, 25 km southeast of the town of Dunhuang in the northwest desert corridor of Gansu.

Some 800 caves formed over the course of a thousand years are still intact, featuring frescoes covering an area of 50,000 square meters, more than 2,000 colored sculptured figures, and five wooden eaves hanging over the caves.

How about that? The Peshitta in China, during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)!

Quote:Archaeologists Work to Save Chinese Site With Christian Traces

DUNHUANG, China (Chicago Tribune) - Eleven years ago, while excavating a meditation cave in the northern part of Dunhuang's Mogao Grottoes complex, archeologist Peng Jinzhang made an exciting and puzzling discovery: four beautifully preserved pages of white-linen paper filled with a script he could not identify.

Scholars at Beijing University helped him solve the mystery.

The language was Syriac, and the pages were from the Psalms in the New Testament.

Passing through this oasis town eight centuries ago, Marco Polo may have met the owner of this Syriac Bible, dated to the Yuan Dynasty. "The people are for the most part idolaters, but there are also some Nestorian Christians and Saracens," he wrote in his "Travels."

Peng's find confirms that Christians did indeed live, pray and die in Dunhuang's Mogao Grottoes--one of Buddhism's most hallowed sanctuaries and an unparalleled repository for the cultures and creeds that funneled into the Silk Road here on China's doorstep.

The Syriac Bible find, announced recently, is only one of several illuminating discoveries made by Peng and his team during their six-year excavation of the northern part of the Mogao Grottoes.

The grottoes are a complex of 750 caves carved out of the sandstone cliffs along the Daquan River 15 miles southeast of Dunhuang in China's Gansu province.

Among the 243 excavated caves--the monks' living quarters and meditation and burial chambers--the team found movable wooden type for the Uyghur language, unique documents, Persian silver coins and countless other artifacts.

"Our work confirms that the Mogao Grottoes was an integrated complex, where monks lived as well as prayed and studied," said Wang Jianjun, a member of the archeological team.

Founded in the 4th Century A.D., the Buddhist cave temples at Mogao flourished for a thousand years as a haven for Buddhism, scholarship, meditation and artistic creativity. They were abandoned when the Chinese withdrew their garrisons in 1372 after the maritime route proved itself more reliable than the Silk Road.

In 1900, Taoist priest Wang Yuanlu stumbled upon the famous Hidden Library, where some 50,000 artifacts, including the Diamond Sutra, the earliest-dated printed book known, had lain untouched for hundreds of years.

In 1907, British-Hungarian archeologist Aurel Stein arrived in Dunhuang. Paying Wang only four silver pieces, Stein carted off thousands of manuscripts, silk scroll paintings and other artifacts that are housed in the British Museum, the British Library and the National Museum in New Delhi.

French, American, Japanese and Russian explorers followed.

By the 1930s, what remained at Mogao were 2,000 Buddhist sculptures and the caves' murals, which depict daily life, trade, customs, legends and sutras covering a span of 800 years.

Today, the Mogao Grottoes are the mainstay of Dunhuang's economy, attracting thousands of visitors to this remote outpost at the western end of the Great Wall each year, as well as the locus for an esoteric, thriving field of scholarship.

In the 1960s, the eroding cliff face was reinforced with an unbecoming but functional concrete facade. In 1987, the Mogao Grottoes was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

For the past decade, an international team of experts, led by the Dunhuang Reseach Academy in cooperation with the Getty Conservation Institute and other organizations, has been trying to save the caves' wondrous paintings.

A 3-mile-long windbreak fence has reduced by 60 percent the amount of sand blown over the cliff's face. Iron doors have been installed in all the caves to reduce dust and humidity. Up on the cliff, a solar-powered meteorological station records basic weather data, while substations in selected caves record information.

Other work focuses on documenting the paintings, analyzing the color pigments, understanding the reasons for their deterioration, and developing new materials and techniques to preserve them.

In one Tang Dynasty cave that has 16 illustrated sutras, Japanese tissue paper temporarily is being used to hold the flaking paint in place until a permanent solution is developed.

Nearby, a technician from Osaka University is measuring the underlying rock's moisture content, while an international group of experts huddles to examine the results of a thermography test, which identifies detachments in the plaster through the measurement of minute temperature differences.

"These paintings deserve the same kind of attention and preservation as a Rembrandt or a da Vinci. And they are much more threatened than paintings on canvas," says Neville Agnew, a conservation scientist from the Getty Conservation Institute.

Humidity and salt that leeches from the underlying rock are the main culprits in the deterioration and flaking of the murals. As Agnew and his colleagues race against an unforgiving clock to preserve this unique historical record, they face another foe.

The thousands of tourists from China and the rest of world who make their way to Mogao every year, bringing much-needed cash to the region, also pose a growing threat to the paintings.

Because of the deleterious effect of too many visitors, a standard tour of the Mogao Grottoes is restricted to brief visits to a few caves.

The conservationists are devising ways to light the murals without causing further damage, and in the adjacent museum, several well-made reproductions allow visitors to contemplate the murals' intricate, multifarious artwork at a more leisurely pace.

While the conservation work at the Mogao Grottoes is one of China's most successful international collaborations in this field, the dispersal of the Hidden Library's manuscripts around the globe, and their restitution to China, remains a controversial issue.

"From a moral point of view, the artifacts should be returned. The Chinese government should, at the appropriate time, through the appropriate legal and diplomatic channels, try to retrieve the artifacts," said Rong Xinjiang, a Dunhuang expert at Beijing University.

At the same, however, the dispersal of these treasures has turned Dunhuang studies into a global endeavor, with scholars from many countries laboring hours on end in musty libraries to decipher and interpret the manuscripts.

Written in rare, dead languages ranging from Tangut to Runic Turkic, the manuscripts deal with a gamut of concerns, including historical records, Buddhist sutras, Taoist tracts and medical treatises, calendars, astronomical charts, literature, poetry, folk songs, real estate deals, and even the model for an apology from a drunken guest to his host.

Prompted by the desire to see all Dunhuang artifacts in one place, the International Dunhuang Project was launched in 1993 at the behest of the British Library, and the treasures from the Hidden Library are now being made available through the project's Web site, <!-- m --><a class="postlink" href="http://idp.bl.uk/">http://idp.bl.uk/</a><!-- m -->.

The Mellon Foundation also is spending $3 million to reunite a selection of the treasures from Mogao in cyberspace.

"The comprehensiveness of Dunhuang is its most outstanding feature: 800 years of pictorial history," says Dr. Sarah Fraser, an art historian at Northwestern University who heads the Mellon Foundation's project and who has studied the relationship between the sketch books found in the Hidden Library and the finished murals.

The Silk Road region where Marco Polo traveled is rich in many peoples' heritage.

Here is another fascinating link with an interview:

http://www.abc.net.au/rn/relig/ark/stories/s772906.htm

And, finally, since you know German....here is a link to a wonderful, absolutely priceless collection of audio files from Jews in Mesopotamia whose language is Aramaic:

http://semarch.uni-hd.de/dokumentgruppen...&DT_ID=124

There are other dialects that are recorded in this great work, but listen to their voices because these are most likely the same people as the tribes who were taken by the Assyrians and placed there, till this day, in Mesopotamia.

Regards,
+Shamasha Paul bar-Shimun de'Beth-Younan
[Image: sig.jpg]
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#3
Shlama Akhi Paul:
You sound like a kid, alone in a candy store.

<!-- s:biggrin: --><img src="{SMILIES_PATH}/biggrin.gif" alt=":biggrin:" title="Big Grin" /><!-- s:biggrin: -->

Shlama,
Stephen
<!-- m --><a class="postlink" href="http://www.dukhrana.com">http://www.dukhrana.com</a><!-- m -->
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#4
Stephen Silver Wrote:You sound like a kid, alone in a candy store.

I missed my calling, I love archeology. <!-- sSad --><img src="{SMILIES_PATH}/sad.gif" alt="Sad" title="Sad" /><!-- sSad -->

You know those Jewish Aramaic recordings from Iraq? There's like 20 or so people, like all over the age of 80, in Israel who are left. After they're gone, that dialect is dead. All their kids and grandkids have taken up modern Hebrew out of necessity.

Another dialect gone.....
+Shamasha Paul bar-Shimun de'Beth-Younan
[Image: sig.jpg]
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#5
Paul Younan Wrote:
Stephen Silver Wrote:You sound like a kid, alone in a candy store.

I missed my calling, I love archeology. <!-- sSad --><img src="{SMILIES_PATH}/sad.gif" alt="Sad" title="Sad" /><!-- sSad -->

You know those Jewish Aramaic recordings from Iraq? There's like 20 or so people, like all over the age of 80, in Israel who are left. After they're gone, that dialect is dead. All their kids and grandkids have taken up modern Hebrew out of necessity.

Another dialect gone.....

Shlama,

Yes, this is absolutely true. As some of the descendants have moved, not only into Israel, but throughout the Diaspora, some of us who are rediscovering our heritage so to speak, are trying piece this back together with what remains left to us. Most of those who spoke these various dialects have now, sadly, died.

It's a horrible thought to me, but often times, when a language dies, an entire culture goes with it. <!-- sSad --><img src="{SMILIES_PATH}/sad.gif" alt="Sad" title="Sad" /><!-- sSad -->

Shlama,
Ya'aqub Younan-Levine
Ya'aqub Younan-Levine
Aramaica.org
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#6
Shlama Akhay,

Are those Jewish Aramaic recordings from Iraq online anywhere?

David R.
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#7
dowidh Wrote:Shlama Akhay,

Are those Jewish Aramaic recordings from Iraq online anywhere?

David R.

Right here Akhan David:

http://semarch.uni-hd.de/dokumentgruppen...&DT_ID=124 (Mesopotamian Jewish Aramaic)
http://semarch.uni-hd.de/dokumentgruppen...42&lang=de (Mesopotamian Christian Aramaic i.e., Assyrian)

Click on the links to the right of the pages for either RealAudio or Windows Media versions.
+Shamasha Paul bar-Shimun de'Beth-Younan
[Image: sig.jpg]
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#8
Paul Younan Wrote:
dowidh Wrote:Shlama Akhay,

Are those Jewish Aramaic recordings from Iraq online anywhere?

David R.

Right here Akhan David:

http://semarch.uni-hd.de/dokumentgruppen...&DT_ID=124 (Mesopotamian Jewish Aramaic)
http://semarch.uni-hd.de/dokumentgruppen...42&lang=de (Mesopotamian Christian Aramaic i.e., Assyrian)

Click on the links to the right of the pages for either RealAudio or Windows Media versions.

Thanks Akhi Paul,

I just struggle navigating that site because I can't read that language. Much appreciated.
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